Beijing National Stadium

National Stadium
Bird's Nest
Full name National Stadium
Location Beijing, China
Broke ground 24 December 2003
Opened 28 June 2008
Surface Grass
Construction cost US$423 million[1]
($432 million in 2012 dollars[2])
Architect Herzog & de Meuron[3]
ArupSport
China Architectural Design & Research Group
Ai Weiwei (Artistic consultant)
Structural engineer Arup[3]
Capacity 80,000
91,000 (2008 Olympics)[4]
Tenants
2008 Summer Olympics
2009 Supercoppa Italiana
2011 Supercoppa Italiana
2015 World Championships in Athletics
Beijing National Stadium
Simplified Chinese 北京国家体育场
Traditional Chinese 北京國家體育場
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 鸟巢
Traditional Chinese 鳥巢
Literal meaning Bird's Nest

Beijing National Stadium, also known officially as the National Stadium,[5] or colloquially as the Bird's Nest (鸟巢), is a stadium in Beijing, China. The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.

Contents

History

Located in the Olympic Green, the stadium cost US$423 million. The design was awarded to a submission from the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron in April 2003 after a bidding process that included 13 final submissions. The design, which originated from the study of Chinese ceramics, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof; giving the stadium the appearance of a "Bird's nest". Leading Chinese artist Ai Weiwei was the artistic consultant on the project.[6] The retractable roof was later removed from the design after inspiring the stadium's most recognizable aspect.[7] Ground was broken in 24 December 2003 and the stadium officially opened in 28 June 2008. A shopping mall and a hotel are planned to be constructed to increase use of the stadium, which has had trouble attracting events, football and otherwise, after the Olympics.[8]

Bidding

In 2001, before Beijing had been awarded the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympics, the city held a bidding process to select the best arena design. Multiple requirements including the ability for post-Olympics use, a retractable roof, and low maintenance costs, were required of each design.[7] The entry list was narrowed to thirteen final designs.[9] Of the final thirteen, Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Group (CADG), said after he placed the model of the "nest" proposal at the exhibition hall and saw the rival entries he thought to himself, "We will win this."[7] The model was approved as the top design by a professional panel; however, it was later exhibited for the public. Once again, it was selected as the top design.[7] The "nest scheme" design became official in April 2003.[7]

Design and construction

Why does a Chinese bowl or a Chinese window have this kind of pattern? Maybe the Chinese people like things to appear in this irregular way, but underneath there are very clear rules. The Bird's Nest developed in this way.

— Li Xinggang, head architect of CADG[10]

Beijing National Stadium (BNS) was a joint venture among architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach, artist Ai Weiwei, and CADG which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang.[1] During their first meeting in 2003, at Basel, the group decided to do something unlike Herzog and de Meuron had traditionally designed. "China wanted to have something new for this very important stadium," Li stated.[1] In an effort to design a stadium that was "porous" while also being "a collective building, a public vessel",[10] the team studied Chinese ceramics.[11] This line of thought brought the team to the "nest scheme".[10] The stadium consists of two independent structures, standing 50 feet apart:[3] a red concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame around it.[10]

In an attempt to hide steel supports for the retractable roof, required in the bidding process, the team developed the "random-looking additional steel" to blend the supports into the rest of the stadium.[10] Twenty-four trussed columns encase the inner bowl,[12] each one weighing 1,000 tons.[7] Despite random appearance, each half of the stadium is nearly identical.[13] After a collapse of a roof at the Charles de Gaulle International Airport,[7] Beijing reviewed all major projects. It was decided to eliminate the retractable roof, the original inspiration for the "nest" design,[7] as well as 9,000 seats from the design.[13] The removal of the elements helped to bring the project under the reduced construction budget of $290 million, from an original $500 million.[7] With the removal of the retractable roof, the building was lightened, which helped it stand up to seismic activity; however, the upper section of the roof was altered to protect fans from weather.[13] Enerpac was granted the contract to perform the stage lifting and lowering of the stadium roof as part of the construction process.[14] Due to the stadium's outward appearance, it was nicknamed "The Bird's Nest". The phrase was first used by Herzog & de Meuron, though the pair still believes "there should be many ways of perceiving a building."[10] The use is a compliment Li explained, "In China, a bird's nest is very expensive, something you eat on special occasions."[7]

Ground was broken, at the Olympic Green,[15] for Beijing National Stadium on 24 December 2003.[16] At its height, 17,000 construction workers worked on the stadium.[17] Portraits of 143 migrant workers at the construction site were featured in the book Workers (Gong Ren) by artist Helen Couchman. In 1 January 2008, The Times reported that 10 workers had died throughout construction; despite denial from the Chinese government.[18] However, in a story the following week, Reuters, with the support of the Chinese government, reported that only two workers had died.[17] All 110,000 tons of steel were made in China. On 14 May 2008 the grass field of 7,811 square meters was laid in 24 hours.[19] The field is a modular turf system by GreenTech ITM. Beijing National Stadium officially opened at a ceremony on 28 June 2008.[20]

Features and events

The eastern and western stands of Beijing National Stadium are higher than northern and southern stands, in order to improve sightlines.[21] A 24-hour per day rainwater collector is located near the stadium; after water is purified, it is used throughout and around the stadium.[22][23] Pipes placed under the playing surface gather heat in the winter to warm the stadium and coldness in the summer to cool the stadium.[24] The stadium's design originally called for a capacity of 100,000 people; however 9,000 were removed during a simplification of the design. The new total of 91,000 would be shaved further when 11,000 temporary seats were removed after the 2008 Olympics; bringing the stadium's capacity to 80,000.[4][25] The farthest seat is 460 feet (140 metres) from center field.[3][24] Temperature and airflow of every surface were optimized to increase ventilation.[24]

Beijing National Stadium hosted the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, athletic events, and football final of the 2008 Summer Olympics from 8 August to 24 August 2008.[5] The stadium also hosted the Opening and Closing ceremonies and athletic events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics from 6 September to 17 September 2008.[5] Though designed for track & field events of the Olympics, the stadium will continue to host sporting events, such as football, afterwards.[13] A shopping mall and a hotel, with rooms overlooking the field, are planned to help increase use after the Olympics.[3] Li stated, "This will become the most important public space in Beijing."[3]

Post-Olympics

On the first anniversary, 8 August 2009, the stadium hosted a performance of the opera Turandot, and the 2009 Supercoppa Italiana (Italian Super Cup) final, the traditional curtain raiser to the Italian football league season.[26] The Beijing Guo’an football club was scheduled to play at the stadium, but later backed out of their agreement, citing the embarrassment of using an 80,000+ seat venue for games that routinely draw only slightly more than 10,000.[8][27]

On 12 January 2009 the venue's owners announced plans for the stadium to anchor a shopping and entertainment complex. These plans, being developed by operator Citic Group, are projected to take three to five years to achieve. The stadium will also continue to function as a tourism attraction, while seeking sports and entertainment events.[27]

The stadium hosted the 2009 Race of Champions.[28] In July 2010, the stadium hosted a friendly football match between Premier League team Birmingham City and Chinese side Beijing Guoan as a part of Birmingham's pre-season trip to China, the homeland of the clubs owner Carson Yeung. Birmingham City recorded a 1-0 victory in the game.[29]

In spite of the lack of significant events, the stadium appears to be quite profitable, drawing some 20,000 to 30,000 people a day at the price of a 50 yuan admission.[30] Recently it has been used as a snow theme park.[31] The venue costs approximately $9 million to maintain per year.[8] Due to a lack of use, paint is already peeling in some areas.[27]

On 1 November 2010 the IAAF announced that the 2015 World Championships in Athletics will take place at the Beijing National Stadium.[32]

In August 2011, the Bird's Nest once again hosted the Supercoppa Italiana, the stadium's second in three years.

References

  1. ^ a b c Pasternack 2008, pp. 93
  2. ^ Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2008. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Pasternack 2008, pp. 98
  4. ^ a b "Beijing National Stadium, Olympic Green". East Asia. Arup. http://www.arup.com/eastasia/project.cfm?pageid=2184. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  5. ^ a b c "The National Stadium". Competition Venues. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/n214078095.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 
  6. ^ "China's New Faces: Ai Weiwei". BBC News. 2005-03-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4298689.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-26. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lubow, Arthur (2006-05-06). "The China Syndrome". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/21/magazine/21bejing.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  8. ^ a b c Demick, Barbara (22 February 2009). "Beijing's Olympic building boom becomes a bust". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-beijing-bust22-2009feb22,0,5564951.story. Retrieved 25 February 2009. 
  9. ^ "Presentation of Competation". Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080619150023/http://www.bjghw.gov.cn/forNationalStadium/indexeng.asp. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  10. ^ a b c d e f Pasternack 2008, pp. 94
  11. ^ Pasternack 2008, pp. 93–4
  12. ^ Pasternack 2008, pp. 94, 7
  13. ^ a b c d Pasternack 2008, pp. 97
  14. ^ "The Engineer". Enerpac Helps the Beijing's 'Bird Nest' to Stand on it's own two feet. http://www.theengineer.co.uk/news/enerpac-helps-the-beijings-birds-nest-to-stand-on-its-own-feet/298585.article#ixzz1hD8GMRst. Retrieved December 21, 2011. 
  15. ^ Goldberger, Paul (2008-06-02). "Out of the Blocks". The Sky Line (The New Yorker). http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/skyline/2008/06/02/080602crsk_skyline_goldberger?currentPage=all. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  16. ^ "Milestones in the construction of the Bird's Nest". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 2008-06-28. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214423642.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 
  17. ^ a b Mulvenney, Nick; Alex Richardson (2008-01-28). "Beijing says 2 died in Bird's Nest construction". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKPEK10105320080128?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  18. ^ "China hushes up Olympic deaths". The Times (London). 2008-01-20. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/china/article3216569.ece. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  19. ^ "Asia's first mobile turf installed in world's biggest 'nest'". National Stadium (The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games). 2008-06-29. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214375359.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  20. ^ "Newly completed National Stadium welcomes guests". National Stadium (The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games). 2008-06-28. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214424364.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-27. THE OWNER: DANTE G. OCAMPO
  21. ^ "Architect: After-Games use is taken into consideration". National Stadium (The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games). 2008-06-28. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214079031.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  22. ^ "Bird's Nest welcomes rain". National Stadium (The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games). 2008-06-29. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214424767.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  23. ^ "A green Bird's Nest". National Stadium (The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games). 2008-05-22. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214370877.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  24. ^ a b c "Bird's Nest: Personalized design furnishes best experience for the audience". National Stadium (The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games). 2008-06-28. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214171288.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  25. ^ "Boxes inside 'Bird's Nest'". National Stadium (The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games). 2008-06-29. http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214370942.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 
  26. ^ "Italian Supercoppa 2009 in Beijing". Italian-Calcio Blog. 2008-12-24. http://italian-calcio.blogspot.com/2008/12/supercoppa-2009-in-beijing.html. Retrieved 2008-12-24. 
  27. ^ a b c "Beijing’s Bird’s Nest to anchor shopping complex". ABC News/Associated Press. 30 January 2009. http://a.abcnews.com/Sports/wireStory?id=6766129. Retrieved 31 January 2009. 
  28. ^ "Race of Champions moves to Beijing". Haymarket Publications. 2009-04-16. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/74486. Retrieved 2009-04-16. 
  29. ^ "Birmingham enjoy friendly win". Italian-Calcio Blog. 2010-07-21. http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11694_6273248,00.html. 
  30. ^ "China tourists twig to Beijing's Bird's Nest". uk.Reuters.com (Reuters UK). 2009-04-22. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE53L10L20090422. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
  31. ^ "In pictures: Bird's Nest winter wonderland". BBC News. 2010-01-05. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8442051.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-26. 
  32. ^ "Beijing selected to host 2015 World Championships". www.iaaf.org (IAAF). 2010-11-20. http://www.iaaf.org/aboutiaaf/news/newsid=58752.html. Retrieved 2010-11-20. 

External links

New venues
Existing venues
Temporary venues
Venues outside Beijing
1896: Marathon (city), Panathinaiko Stadium • 1900: Croix-Catelan Stadium • 1904: Francis Field • 1908: White City Stadium • 1912: Stockholm Olympic Stadium • 1920: Olympisch Stadion • 1924: Stade de Colombes • 1928: Olympic Stadium • 1932: Olympic Stadium, Riverside Drive at Griffith Park • 1936: Avus Motor Road, Olympic Stadium • 1948: Empire Stadium • 1952: Olympic Stadium • 1956: Melbourne Cricket Ground • 1960: Arch of Constantine, Raccordo Anulare, Stadio Olimpico, Via Appia Antica, Via Cristoforo Colombo • 1964: Fuchu City, Karasuyama-machi, National Stadium, Sasazuka-machi, Shinjuku • 1968: Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Zócalo • 1972: Olympiastadion • 1976: Montreal Botanical Garden, Olympic Stadium, Streets of Montreal • 1980: Grand Arena, Streets of Moscow  • 1984: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Santa Monica College, Streets of Los Angeles, Streets of Santa Monica • 1988: Olympic Stadium, Streets of Seoul • 1992: Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc, Marathon course, Mataró, Walking course • 1996: Marathon course, Olympic Stadium, Walking course • 2000: Marathon course, North Sydney, Olympic Stadium  • 2004: Marathon (city), Olympic Stadium, Panathinaiko Stadium, Stadium at Olympia • 2008: Beijing National Stadium • 2012: Marathon Course, Olympic Stadium • 2016: Flamengo Park, João Havelange Stadium, Sambódromo
1900: Vélodrome de Vincennes · 1904: Francis Field · 1908: White City Stadium · 1912: Råsunda Stadium, Stockholm Olympic Stadium (final), Traneberg · 1920: Jules Ottenstadion, Olympisch Stadion (final), Stade Joseph Marien, Stadion Broodstraat · 1924: Stade Bergeyre, Stade de Colombes (final), Stade de Paris, Stade Pershing · 1928: Monnikenhuize, Olympic Stadium (final), Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel · 1936: Hertha-BSC Field, Mommsenstadion, Olympic Stadium (final), Poststadion · 1948: Arsenal Stadium, Champion Hill, Craven Cottage, Cricklefield Stadium, Empire Stadium (medal matches), Green Pond Road, Griffin Park, Selhurst Park, White Hart Lane · 1952: Helsinki Football Grounds, Kotka, Lahti, Olympic Stadium (final), Tampere, Turku · 1956: Melbourne Cricket Ground (final), Olympic Park Stadium · 1960: Florence Communal Stadium, Grosseto Communal Stadium, L'Aquila Communal Stadium, Livorno Ardenza Stadium, Naples Saint Paul's Stadium, Pescara Adriatic Stadium, Stadio Flaminio (final) · 1964: Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium, Mitsuzawa Football Field, Nagai Stadium, Tokyo National Stadium (final), Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium, Ōmiya Football Field, Prince Chichiba Memorial Football Field · 1968: Estadio Azteca (final), Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Estadio Nou Camp, Jalisco Stadium · 1972: Drei Flüsse Stadion, ESV-Stadion, Jahnstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Rosenaustadion, Urban Stadium · 1976: Lansdowne Park, Olympic Stadium (final), Sherbrooke Stadium, Varsity Stadium · 1980: Dynama Stadium, Dynamo Central Stadium, Grand Arena, Grand Arena (final), Kirov Stadium, Republican Stadium · 1984: Harvard Stadium, Navy – Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Rose Bowl (final), Stanford Stadium · 1988: Buson Stadium, Daegu Stadium, Daejeon Stadium, Dongdaemun Stadium, Olympic Stadium (final) · 1992: Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta, Estadi del FC Barcelona (final), Estadio Luís Casanova, La Romareda, RCD Espanyol Stadium · 1996: Florida Citrus Bowl, Legion Field, Orange Bowl, RFK Memorial Stadium, Sanford Stadium (final) · 2000: Brisbane Cricket Ground, Bruce Stadium, Hindmarsh Stadium, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Olympic Stadium (men's final), Sydney Football Stadium (women's final) · 2004: Kaftanzoglio Stadium, Karaiskakis Stadium, Olympic Stadium (final), Pampeloponnisiako Stadium, Pankritio Stadium, Panthessaliko Stadium · 2008: Beijing National Stadium (final), Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Shanghai Stadium, Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium, Workers Stadium · 2012: City of Coventry Stadium, Hampden Park, Millennium Stadium, St James' Park, Wembley Stadium (final) · 2016: Estádio Nacional de Brasília, Arena Fonte Nova, Estádio do Maracanã, Mineirão, Estádio do Morumbi
Notable buildings and structures in Beijing from the modern era